The level of formation of communicative competencies of a younger student directly depends on the quality of mastering the lexical side of speech activity. The lexical units of the language are the initial and necessary building material, with the help of which the communicative act is carried out. It follows that lexemes are one of the main components of the content of teaching the native language, and they need to be given special attention in primary school lessons. A clear and attractive expression of thought is the study of synonym dictionaries in the light of modern linguistic paradigms, the innovative lexicographic approach of anthropocentric lexicography, the need to clarify the linguistic, didactic, linguocognitive and psycholinguistic aspects.